Speech by Christine Lagarde, President of the ECB, à l’Académie des sciences morales et politiques, Paris

Paris, 4 December 2023

I am honoured to speak to you today as part of your prestigious academic programme on the many aspects of good governance – a crucial issue in these uncertain and challenging times.

I feel particularly honoured to be speaking to such bright and capable minds, in this iconic meeting place for the scientific, literary and artistic elite of our nation.

The Institut de France is often aptly referred to as a parliament of the learned world. By guaranteeing the independence of knowledge, it offers an open space where all kinds of knowledge intersect, allowing scientific, literary and artistic work to take place freely. In this way, the Institute stands for the protection of liberties and the need for integration^[1], two aspects of good governance.

In my view, these aspects also apply to governance in a broader sense, particularly regarding individuals and…