The agreements lay down the framework for deeper and broader political and economic cooperation between the like-minded partners on global issues, such as foreign and security matters, sustainable development, environmental protection, climate change, sustainable energy, rule of law and human rights. For the first time in an EU deal, there is a dedicated trade and gender chapter, with both sides committing to eliminate discrimination against women. Under the trade pillar, around 99.9% of EU exports will be tariff-free except for sugar, which is expected to increase EU exports by up to EUR 4.5 billion. The most sensitive agricultural goods are exempted from full liberalisation. These include meat, certain fruits and vegetables and olive oil.

The deal is expected to secure better access to raw materials and clean fuel such as lithium, copper and hydrogen. The agreement also includes binding commitments on social, labour and environmental obligations based on International Labour…